uMthunywa
Nikiwe Ncube-Tshabalala (ZWLA member)
KULEMIHLOBO emithathu yemitshado eZimbabwe njalo umhlobo ngamunye ulezinto ezehlukeneyo kweminye ekuphathweni kwempahla nxa umtshado suphelile. Kulomtshado wabantu nje, ongaphansi kweMarriages Act, Chapter 5:11, kuphinde kube lomtshado wesintwini owaziwa ngokusemthethweni owazakala esigabeni ongaphansi kweCustomary Marriages Act, Chapter 5:07 kanye lomtshado ongabhaliswanga owesintwini njalo ongananzelelwa njengomtshado ngaphandle nxa kulezizatho esizakhuluma ngazo ngokuya kwesikhathi.
Umtshado munye ngamunye kuzaxoxiswana ngawo ngokuya kwesikhathi njalo. Umtshado munye ngamunye kuzakhulunywa ngawo ukuthi uthini nxa abantu abatshadileyo sebesehlukana.
Umhlobo wakuqala womtshado esizakhangela ngawo ngumtshado wabantu nje owaziwa ngokuthi yi-civil marriage. Okwenzakala ngemva kokwehlukana kwabantu abatshade ngaphansi komtshado lo kwaqoqwa yiRoman Dutch law ngomnyaka ka1929. Isimo somthetho lo wawuyikuthi kumitshado yonke impahla ngezabantu bonke, ngaphandle nxa labo abatshadileyo benze isivumelwano sokuthi impahla akusozabo bonke. Nxa impahla zingezabo bonke kutsho ukuthi zonke impahla ezitholwa yilabo ababili ngezabo bonke indoda kuyiyo ebona ngokuphathwa kwazo.
Lokhu kwabiselwa emuva ngo1929 nge Married Persons Property Act yona ethi kumitshado yonke impahla asozabo bonke ngaphandle nxa benze isivumelwano sokuthi zibe ngezabo bonke. Ukuthi impahla akusozabo bonke kutsho ukuthi omunye lomunye uyathatha impahla zakhe angena lazo emtshadweni lo kumbe azithola sesemtshadweni lo. Omunye lomunye uyazibonela ngokuphathwa kwempahla zakhe.
Ku-civil marriage nxa impahla zingezenu lonke impahla ezithwalekayo lezingathwalekiyo, izikwelede ezikhona lezizaba khona ngezenu lonke, impahla ezikhona lizabelana ngokufanayo kungakhathalekile ukuthi umuntu wafaka okunganani. Indoda yiyo ebona ngokuphathwa kwempahla njalo ilamandla okuthatha izinqumo ukuthi kwenziweni ngempahla zomtshado ingazange akhulumisane lomkakhe. Emtshadweni onje indoda isinganika, ithengise kumbe ibhidlize impahla lezo njalo kayilacala kumkayo ngalokhu. Nxa abantu sebesehlukana emtshadweni onje, ukuthi impahla ngezenu lonke kuyaphela impahla labelane ngokufanayo.
Amandla okuphatha umtshado lo anikwe amadoda okusobala njalo ukuthi ahlukumeza abesifazane kuloluhlobo lomtshado.
Ku-civil marriage impahla azibi ngezenu lonke nxa abantu bangatshada ngaphansi kweMarriages Act, Chapter 5:11. Kumhlobo womtshado lo omunye lomunye uthatha lokho angena lakho emtshadweni lalokho akuthole sesemtshadweni lowo. Emtshadweni lo umfazi kakho ngaphansi kwendoda. Umfazi uyenelisa ukungena kuzivumelwano, athengise impahla zakhe, njalo aye emthethwandaba engancediswa ngumkakhe.
Nxa abantu sebesehlukana kumhlobo womtshado lo omunye lomunye uthatha lokho okungokwakhe. Lapha umuntu kavunyelwa ukubhidliza impahla yomunye wakhe ngoba kabazihlanganyelanga impahla lezo. Eqinisweni, abatshadileyo bayancedisana ukukhangela impahla abalazo, okwenza kubesemthwethweni ukuthi omunye angahambi lalokho angene lakho emtshadweni.
Ekuzameni ukulungisisa inkinga zokwabelana kwempahla nxa abantu sebesehlukana kumhlobo womtshado we-civil marriage abaqoqi bomthetho baqala iMatrimonial Causes Act, Chapter 5:13. Umthetho lo usebenza kuphela nxa abantu sebehlukene. Ngaphansi kwalo umthetho umthethwandaba ulakho ukunika omunye impahla zisuka komunye ukuze bobabili bathole isabelo esifananayo sempahla yomtshado. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi umthetho lo usebenza emtshadweni womthethwandaba kanye lowesintwini.
Omunye umhlobo womtshado oba lenkinga nxa usuchitheka kodwa ongasimtshado emthethweni kodwa okuyikuhlalisana okungabhaliswanga, yi-Customary Law Union. Lumanyano uhlonitshwa njengomtshado ezimeni ezithile, ezigoqela isithunzi sakho emphakathini, ukugcinwa kanye lamalungelo abantwana ngokulandelana kwabo emtshadweni lo.
Njengoba umanyano lo ungakhangelwa njengomtshado emthethweni akulamthetho olandelwayo wokwabiwa kwempahla kulabo abehlukanayo. Inkantolo zivame-ke ukulandela okunye okubekwe kumthetho womtshado wesintu kanye lenkundleni zezinduna. Lokhu kutsho ukuthi ekwabiweni kwempahla kulandelwa umthetho womtshado wesintu. Ngemva kokunanzelela ukuthi nxa kuchitheka umtshado owesifazana usala engelalutho kodwa eseleminyaka ephatheka ekuthengeni impahla ngekhaya kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubesebenza loba ubengasebenzi umthethwandaba wabona kufanele ukuthi kusetshenziswe umthetho jikelele (general law).
Njengomkhuba ekuchithweni kwemitshado yesintu engabhaliswanga umthethwandaba ungananzelela ukuthi umthetho wokwabiwa kwempahla weCustomary Law kawuvumi uyalandela umthetho jikelele.
Okusegcekeni njalo okusuka kudide yikuba akula sinqumo esicacayo esikhona okumele silandelwe ekwahluleleni ukuze kube lokwabiwa kwempahla okulinganayo phakathi kowesifazana lowesilisa. Ngakho-ke ukuze owesifazana athole impahla ezilingana lowesilisa nxa besaba impahla ababe lazo ngesikhathi bebonke kumele abe leqiniso lokuthi uyakuveza sobala ukuba nxa yena engasaphiwanga eyakhe ingxenye umkakhe uyabe esephiwe inotho ngendlela engaqondanga.
Nxa engehluleka ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuba sokunothiswe umkakhe ngendlela engaqondanga sokumele aveze ubufakazi bokuba wancedisana lomkakhe ekuthengeni impahla leyo. Abesifazana abanengi abenza umasihlalisane basuka behluleke ukuveza ukuthi lo abethandana laye usephiwe inotho ngokungaqondanga.
Kunengi okusadinga ukwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umasihlalisane lo ukhangelwa njengomtshado ngoba inengi labantu abahlala ndawonye lilemitshado engabhaliswanga eZimbabwe. Kulobandlululo olusegcekeni phakathi kwabesifazana abasemtshadweni yomphakathi ebhalisiweyo, yesintu ebhalisiweyo kanye leyesintu engabhaliswanga. Abesifazana abasemtshadweni engabhaliswanga benza konke okwenziwa ngabesifazana abakweminye imitshado kungakho ubandlululo lolu kalufanelanga.
Kuqakathekile ukukhangela umasihlalisane loba nje ungasimtshado emthethweni loba esintwini. Umasihlalisane kayisiwo mtshado emthethweni womdabuko loba lemthethweni jikelele kodwa kuyindlela eyenzakalayo kwabatsha lamuhla. Abantu ababili bayahlangana; indoda lowesifazana bahlale bonke kungakhitshwanga amalobolo njalo bengazange babhalise umtshado wabo emthethwandaba.
Kungakhathalekile ukuthi abenza umasihlalisane sebeqede isikhathi eside okunganani behlala bonke umasihlalisane ngeke ahlonitshwe njengomtshado ngaphansi komthetho jikelele kanye lowesintu. Nxa ababili akade behlalisene bangakhetha ukwehlukana kwandise ukuba lohlupho lokwehlukaniswa kwempahla. Umthetho womdabuko ngeke usebenze ngoba ukuhlalisana kuyisimo esingaziwayo emthethweni wesintu. Kukanti lomthetho weMatrimonial Causes lawo ngeke usetshenziswe ngoba umasihlalisane kayisiwo mtshado emthethweni. Ukuxazulula uhlupho lolu inkantolo isebenzisa izimiso zomthetho jikelele ikakhulu nxa kusegcekeni ukuthi kulokubambisana. Nxa lokhu sokubonakele, umthethwandaba usulakho-ke ukuxazulula indaba le, owesifazana aphiwe isabelo sakhe kumanyano lo.
Ekucineni, kusegcekeni ukuthi umtshado womphakathi kanye lomtshado wesintu obhalisiweyo kawulahlupho nxa sekusehlukaniswa impahla ngesikhathi sekuchithwa umtshado ngoba kulandelwa izimiso ezikumthetho weMatrimonial Causes. Kukanti kumanyano wesintu kuba lenkinga lapho umthetho wesintu ongasebenzi khona kodwa kucina kusetshenziswa umthetho jikelele.
